Changes in abundance and composition of a Caribbean coral reef zooplankton community after 25 years / Cambios en abundancia y composición de una comunidad de zooplancton arrecifal en el Caribe 25 años después

Abstract:Coral reef zooplankton represents a key community in coral ecosystems, as they are involved in trophic and biogeochemical dynamics, and recruitment processes. Zooplankton abundance, composition and biomass were surveyed at six stations within the coral reef at Cahuita National Park, Limon, Costa Rica, in order to compare with the only previous study conducted during 1984. Samples were collected monthly (September 2010-August 2011). Seston biomass (0.49-85.87 mg/m3) and total abundance (1 145-112 422 ind./ m3) fluctuated among the months and the stations. Higher values of these two variables were found in the rainiest months (November 2010 and May 2011). A total of 38 taxa were identified, of which calanoid copepods abundance dominated year round (66 %), followed by appendicularians (12 %). Zooplankton mean abundance in this survey resulted 20 times higher (13 184 ± 4 104 ind./m3) than in 1984 (645 ± 84 ind./m3). Copepods and appendicularians were the groups that differed the most, relative to the 1984 study, resulting in 63 and 170 times more abundant overall, respectively. An increase in terrestrial runoff and nutrient input during the past 30 years could explain these differences. High abundances of zooplankton may constitute an important food source for coral reef organisms in Cahuita ecosystem. In addition, zooplankton abundances here reported for Cahuita are among the worldwide highest coral reef zooplankton abundances, and further trophic models can help elucidate its role in coral reef resilience in the Caribbean Coast of Central America.

ResumenEl grupo de zooplancton representa una comunidad clave en los arrecifes de coral. Está involucrado en dinámicas tróficas y biogeoquímicas, y en procesos de reclutamiento. La abundancia, composición y biomasa del zooplancton fueron estudiadas en seis estaciones dentro del arrecife coralino del Parque Nacional Cahuita, para compararlas con el único estudio realizado durante 1984. Las muestras se recolectaron mensualmente (Septiembre 2010-Agosto 2011). La biomasa del seston (0.49-85.87 mg/m3) y la abundancia total (1 145-112 422 ind./m3) fluctuaron entre meses y estaciones. Los valores más altos se encontraron durante los meses más lluviosos (Noviembre 2010 y Mayo 2011). Treinta y ocho taxones fueron identificados, copépodos calanoidos (66 %) y apendicularias (12 %) dominaron la abundancia durante todo el año. La abundancia promedio en este estudio fue 20 veces más alta (13 184 ± 4 104 ind./m3) que en 1984 (645 ± 84 ind./m3). Copépodos y apendicularias fueron los grupos con mayor discrepancia con respecto al estudio de 1984. Un aumento en la descarga de nutrientes de origen terrestre, podría explicar estas grandes diferencias. Abundancias tan altas de zooplancton podrían constituir una importante fuente de alimento para los organismos del arrecife en Cahuita. Las abundancias aquí reportadas colocan al arrecife de Cahuita entre los arrecifes de coral con mayor abundancia de zooplancton en el mundo y estudios futuros en redes tróficas podrían elucidar el papel de esta comunidad en procesos de resiliencia en los arrecifes del Caribe centroamericano.

Molluscs associated with the macroalgae of the genus Gracilaria (Rhodophyta): importance of algal fronds as microhabitat in a hypersaline mangrove in Northeastern Brazil / Moluscos associados a macroalgas do gênero Gracilaria (Rhodophyta): importância das frondes algais como microhabitat em um manguezal hipersalino no Nordeste do Brasil

The fronds of marine macroalgae play an important role in coastal ecosystems because the algae banks are utilized as a microhabitat by different taxa, including molluscs, one of the most abundant and diverse animals of marine ecosystems. In this study, we characterized the malacofauna associated with the macroalgae Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie 1874 and Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug 1854 of a hypersaline mangrove on the northern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. The first alga dominates in the rainy season and it is substituted by second one in the dry period. A total of 1,490 molluscs were surveyed, representing 56 species in 29 families: 1,081 were associated with G. domingensis and 409 with G. cuneata, the latter showing the greater diversity (H′=1.25). Columbellidae, Neritidae, Pyramidellidae and Cerithiidae were among the most representative families in the number of species and individuals. The micromolluscs were dominant in the algal microhabitat, constituting 74.63% of the malacofauna recorded. The columbellid Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) was the dominant species followed by the neritid Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) in both algae. In spite of the annual alternated succession of the algae species, at least 15 mollusc species are common for these algae. Furthermore, juveniles of P. obesa were recorded in both seasons, indicating a continuous reproduction. Possible reasons for difference in abundance, diversity and dominance of molluscs living on these algae are discussed. Both species of substrate-algae represent an important microhabitat for refuge, feeding and the reproduction of small-sized mollusc species during rainy and dry seasons.

As frondes de macroalgas marinhas exercem um importante papel nos ecossistemas costeiros, tendo em vista que os bancos de algas são utilizados como microhabitat por diferentes táxons, incluindo os moluscos, que estão entre os mais abundantes e diversos animais dos ecossistemas marinhos. Neste estudo, caracterizou-se a malacofauna associada às macroalgas Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie 1874 e Gracilaria cuneata Areschoug 1854 de um manguezal hipersalino da costa norte do estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil. A primeira alga domina no período chuvoso e é substituída pela segunda no período seco. Foram inventariados 1.490 moluscos, representando 56 espécies em 29 famílias: 1.081 estavam associados a G. domingensis e 409 a G. cuneata, esta última apresentando maior diversidade (H′=1,25). Columbellidae, Neritidae, Pyramidellidae e Cerithiidae estiveram entre as famílias mais representativas em número de espécies e indivíduos. Os micromoluscos foram dominantes no microhabitat algal, constituindo 74,63% da malacofauna registrada. O columbelídeo Parvanachis obesa (C. B. Adams, 1845) foi a espécie dominante, seguida pelo neritídeo Neritina virginea (Linnaeus, 1758) em ambas as algas. Apesar da sucessão alternada anual das espécies de algas, pelo menos 15 espécies de moluscos são comuns a estas algas. Além disso, os jovens de P. obesa foram registrados em ambas as estações, indicando uma reprodução contínua. São discutidas possíveis razões para a diferença na abundância, diversidade e dominância dos moluscos habitantes destas algas. Ambas as espécies de alga-substrato representam um importante microhabitat para refúgio, alimentação e reprodução para pequenas espécies de moluscos durante as estações chuvosa e seca.

Spatial distribution of epibenthic molluscs on a sandstone reef in the Northeast of Brazil / Distribuição espacial de moluscos epibentônicos em um recife arenítico no Nordeste do Brasil

The present study investigated the distribution and abundance of epibenthic molluscs and their feeding habits associated to substrate features (coverage and rugosity) in a sandstone reef system in the Northeast of Brazil. Rugosity, low coral cover and high coverage of zoanthids and fleshy alga were the variables that influenced a low richness and high abundance of a few molluscan species in the reef habitat. The most abundant species were generalist carnivores, probably associated to a lesser offer and variability of resources in this type of reef system, when compared to the coral reefs. The results found in this study could reflect a normal characteristic of the molluscan community distribution in sandstone reefs, with low coral cover, or could indicate a degradation state of this habitat if it is compared to coral reefs, once that the significantly high coverage of fleshy alga has been recognized as a negative indicator of reef ecosystems health.

O presente estudo investigou a distribuição, a abundância e os hábitos alimentares de moluscos epibentônicos associados à cobertura e à rugosidade do substrato, em um sistema recifal arenítico no Nordeste do Brasil. A rugosidade, a baixa cobertura de corais e a alta cobertura de zoantídeos e algas frondosas foram as variáveis que influenciaram na baixa riqueza e na alta abundância de poucas espécies de moluscos no habitat recifal. As espécies mais abundantes foram classificadas em carnívoras generalistas, provavelmente associadas à baixa oferta e variabilidade de recursos nesse tipo de sistema recifal, quando comparado a recifes coralíneos. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo podem estar refletindo características normais para a distribuição dos moluscos em recifes areníticos, com baixa cobertura de coral, ou podem estar indicando um estado de degradação desse habitat, quando comparado aos recifes de corais, uma vez que a cobertura significativa de algas frondosas vem sendo reconhecida como um indicador negativo quanto à saúde dos ecossistemas recifais.

The invasion of five alien species in the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Northeastern Brazil

Marine biological invasions have been regarded as one of the major causes of native biodiversity loss, with shipping and aquaculture being the leading contributors for the introductions of alien species in aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, five aquatic alien species (one mollusk, three crustaceans and one fish species) were detected during dives, shore searches and from the fisheries on the coast of the Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, in the States of Piauí and Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil. The species were the bicolor purse-oyster Isognomon bicolor, the whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, the giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, the Indo-Pacific swimming crab Charybdis hellerii and, the muzzled blenny Omobranchus punctatus. Ballast water (I. bicolor, C. hellerii, and O. punctatus) and aquaculture activities (L. vannamei and M. rosenbergii) in adjacent areas are the most likely vectors of introduction. All exotic species found have potential impact risks to the environment because they are able to compete against native species for resources (food and habitat). Isognomon bicolor share the same habitat and food items with the native bivalve species of mussels and barnacles. Litopenaeus vannamei share the same habitat and food items with the native penaeids such as the pinkspot shrimp Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis, the Southern brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus subtilis, and the Southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti, and in the past few years L. vannamei was responsible for a viral epidemics in the cultivation tanks that could be transmitted to native penaeid shrimps. Charybdis hellerii is also able to cause impacts on the local fisheries as the species can decrease the populations of native portunid crabs which are commercialized in the studied region. Macrobrachium rosenbergii may be sharing natural resources with the Amazon River prawn Macrobrachium amazonicum. Omobranchus punctatus shares habit with the native redlip blenny Ophioblennius atlanticus and other fishes, such as the frillfin goby Bathigobius soporator. Some immediate remedial measures to prevent further introductions from ballast water and shrimp farm ponds should be: (i) to prevent the release of ballast water by ship/vessels in the region; (ii) to reroute all effluent waters from shrimp rearing facilities through an underground or above-ground dry well; (iii) to install adequate sand and gravel filter which will allow passage of water but not livestock; (iv) outdoor shrimp pounds located on floodable land should be diked, and; (v) to promote environmental awareness of those directly involved with ballast water (crews of ship/vessels) and shrimp farms in the region. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 909-923. Epub 2010 September 01.

En el Área de Protección Ambiental del Delta Del Río Parnaíba, noreste de Brasil fueron detectadas cinco especies acuáticas invasoras (un molusco, tres crustáceos y un pez): la ostra de dos colores Isognomon bicolor, el camarón patiblanco Litopenaeus vannamei, el camarón gigante de río Macrobrachium rosenbergii, el cangrejo nadador del Indo-Pacifico Charybdis hellerii y el blenio hocicudo Omobranchus punctatus. El agua de lastre (I. bicolor, C. hellerii, y O. punctatus) y la acuicultura (L. vannamei y M. rosenbergii) en áreas adyacentes son los vectores de introducción más probables. Todas las especies exóticas encontradas son potencialmente riesgosas para el ambiente ya que son aptas para competir con las nativas por recursos como alimento y hábitat. Charybdis hellerii también podría causar impacto en el recurso pesquero local, al reducir las poblaciones de cangrejos portúnidos nativos, comercializados en el área de estudio.

Hermaphroditism among dioecious Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786) (Mollusca, Psammobiidae) and Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) (Mollusca, Donacidae) on the Cachoeira River Estuary, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil / Hermafroditismo nos moluscos dióicos Tagelus plebeius (Lightfoot, 1786) (Mollusca, Psammobiidae) e Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) (Mollusca, Donacidae) na região estuarina do Rio Cachoeira, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil

The samples of Tagelus plebeius and Iphigenia brasiliana were manually collected on the Cachoeira River estuary region (Ilhéus, BA, Brazil) between August 2005 and August 2006, with a periodicity of 15 days, with 20 animals collected/sampled, performing 500 samples from each species. The animals were measured, eviscerated and kept in solution of Davidson and after 24-30 hours, they were transferred to ethanol 70 percent. The material was processed for routine histology, with paraffin embedding, obtaining 7 μm thick slices, stained with Harris hematoxilin and Eosin (HE). By light microscopy analysis, 2 cases of hermaphroditism (0.4 percent) in T. plebeius samples and one case (0.2 percent) in I. brasiliana were registered with predominance of female over male follicles.

Os exemplares de Tagelus plebeius e Iphigenia brasiliana foram manualmente coletados na região estuarina do Rio Cachoeira (Ilhéus, Bahia), entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006, com coleta quinzenal de 20 animais, totalizando 500 exemplares/espécie. Os animais foram mensurados, eviscerados e fixados em solução de Davidson por 24-30 horas e depois transferidos para etanol a 70 por cento. O material foi processado por técnica rotineira de histologia, com inclusão em parafina, obtenção de cortes com 7 μm de espessura e coloração por hematoxilina de Harris e Eosina (HE). A análise em microscopia de luz evidenciou 2 casos de hermafroditismo (0,4 por cento) em T. plebeius e um caso (0,2 por cento) em I. brasiliana (0,2 por cento), com predominância de folículos femininos sobre os masculinos.

Hermafroditismo funcional de la gónada de Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Fissurellidae) / Functional hermaphrodite gonad in Fissurella crassa (Mollusca: Fissurellidae)

La costa del Pacífico sudoriental es el hábitat de las 13 especies de lapas descritas del subgénero Fissurella Brugière. En estas especies no existe dimorfismo sexual, los animales son dioicos, el sexo se reconoce explorando directa o indirectamente las gónadas y no tienen procesos de reversión sexual. La presencia de un organismo de Fissurella crassa con gónada formada por porciones de ovario y otras de testículo con capacidad para generar óvulos y espermatozoides, evidencia la potencialidad que los organismos de Fissurella poseen para desarrollar el hermafroditismo funcional. Sin embargo, el presente hallazgo no permite inferir si el agente desencadenante del desarrollo sincrónico funcional de la gónada hermafrodita es un factor endógeno y/o asociado a algún evento exógeno medio ambiental.

The coast of the Southeastern Pacific is the habitat for 13 species of described keyhole limpets of the subgenus Fissurella Brugière. In these species sexual dimorphism does not exist, the animals are dioicos, the sex is recognized exploring directly or indirectly the gonads and they do not have processes of sexual reversion. The presence of an organism Fissurella crassa with portions of ovary and testicle with ability to generate ova and sperms, demonstrates the potential that Fissurella's organisms possess to develop functional hermaphroditism. Nevertheless, the present find does not allow to infer if the trigger agent of the synchronous functional development of the hermaphrodite gonad is a factor endogenous and/or associated with any exogenous environmental event.

Physiological traits of the symbiotic bacterium Teredinibacter turnerae isolated from the mangrove shipworm Neoteredo reynei

Nutrition in the Teredinidae family of wood-boring mollusks is sustained by cellulolytic/nitrogen fixing symbiotic bacteria of the Teredinibacter clade. The mangrove Teredinidae Neoteredo reynei is popularly used in the treatment of infectious diseases in the north of Brazil. In the present work, the symbionts of N. reynei, which are strictly confined to the host's gills, were conclusively identified as Teredinibacter turnerae. Symbiont variants obtained in vitro were able to grow using casein as the sole carbon/nitrogen source and under reduced concentrations of NaCl. Furthermore, cellulose consumption in T. turnerae was clearly reduced under low salt concentrations. As a point of interest, we hereby report first hand that T. turnerae in fact exerts antibiotic activity. Furthermore, this activity was also affected by NaCl concentration. Finally, T. turnerae was able to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, this including strains of Sphingomonas sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus sciuri. Our findings introduce new points of view on the ecology of T. turnerae, and suggest new biotechnological applications for this marine bacterium.

Ciclo reproductor e índices de condición usados en Melongena corona (Mollusca: Gastropoda) / Reproductive cycle and index of condition used for Melongena corona (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Melongena corona bispinosa was studied in Yucatán, México (21 degrees 16' N, 89 degrees 49' W) for a year. Males have reproductive peaks in February and December, and a post-copulation peak in June. Female peaks are in March and May, plus oviposition peaks in April and January. Males and females differ in the mean gonadosom ic index (F=13.79, p<0.05) but not in the dry tissue/shell weight (F=0.0902, p<0.05), dry tissue and total weight (F=0.2466, p<0.05) and dry tissue weight/internal shell volume (F=1.0565, p<0.05).

A cellular approach to the study of complex natural behavior patterns in the ragged sea hare (Bursatella leachii), a marine invertebrate indigenous to Puerto Rico

The ragged sea hare (Bursatella leachii), an aplysiid mollusc indigenous to the tropical waters of Puerto Rico, possesses numerous properties that make it suitable for a neuroethological approach to the study of complex behavior patterns. Field studies spanning three years have established a location and season of Bursatella availability on the north coast of the island. In the natural habitat, the Bursatella exhibit a daily rhythm of behavior patterns in which feeding-related activities predominate during the day and reproductive behaviors predominate at night. Some aspects of this natural pattern persist in animals held in the laboratory. The Bursatella nervous system contains large neurons, some of which appear to be homologous to cells that have been characterized extensively in related species. Following isolation of the nervous system, neural centers associated with feeding movements and locomotion retain extraordinarily robust rhythm generating capabilities. It is proposed that this species offers unique opportunities for deriving general principles governing the regulation and integration of central pattern generator circuits underlying complex natural behavior patterns

Los opioides como péptidos ancestrales: estudio inmunohistoquímico en el molusco Helix aspersa y en el anfibio Ambystoma mexicanum / Opioids as ancestral peptides: inmunohistochemical study in the Helix aspersa mollusk and in the amphibious Ambystoma mexicanum

Existe una variedad de estudios multidisciplinarios de tipo farmacológico, fisiológico e inmunohistoquímico que han sido de gran utilidad en las investigaciones de la biología comparada de los péptidos opioides, y las posibles funciones en las que participan a lo largo de la escala filogenética. Se ha encontrado que estos péptidos y sus receptores específicos, se han mantenido estables a través de la evolución. Además, se ha demostrado que los opioides están distribuidos ampliamente a lo largo de la escala filogénetica. Nuestro grupo ha realizado estudios inmunohistoquímicos para leucina encefalina, metionina encefalia, dinorfina 1-8 y beta-endorfina en dos especies: el caracol de jardín Helix aspersa y el ajolote Ambystoma mexicanum. Los resultados obtenidos en el Helix aspersa mostraron inmunorreactividad a la leucina encefalina en interneuronas de la vía sensorial del tentáculo, en interneuronas de los ganglios parietales, y en neuronas neurosecretoras del cuerpo dorsal del mesocerebro, principalmente. La inmunorreactividad a metionina tuvo una distribución más amplia. Se encontró que la inmunorreactividad a encefalinas tiene una variación estacional. Así mismo, se encontró por medio de inmunohistoquímica y HPLC, inmunorreactividad al octapéptido Met-5Arg-Gly-Leu en el anillo periesofágico de este organismo. Se estudió la liberación de encefalinas en estos ganglios y se encontró que es provocada por alto potasio y dependiente de calcio. En el Ambystoma mexicanum se demostró la existencia de inmunorreactividad a metionina encefalina a dinorfina, se encontró únicamente en fibras de la eminencia media y el lóbulo posterior; la inmunorreactividad a leucina encefalina se distribuyó en algunas fibras del lóbulo posterior y de la eminencia media, y en una gran cantidad de células del lóbulo anterior. Este último hallazgo sugirió que este péptido pudiera tener un papel hormonal. La distribución de encefalinas en el cerebro del A. mexicanum fue muy similar a la encontrada en los mamíferos y otros vertebrados. En telencéfalo, la concentración principalmente en el complejo estrioamigdalino y en la región septal. En diencéfalo, se localizó en los núcleos habenulares e hipotalámicos. De los datos presentados en este trabajo, se pudo conluir que los péptidos opioides tienen una distribución parecida en organismos representativos de diferentes grupos taxonómicos, y cuya función es similar dentro de estos grupos

Malacological survey in the Sirikit reservoir, the largest earthfilled dam in Thailand.

Ten species of freshwater molluscs were found in a malacological survey in the Sirikit reservoir in 1985. Among these species, Tricula aperta or Neotricula aperta, intermediate host of human schistosomes, Bithynia (Digoniostoma) siamensis goniomphalos and B. (D.) funiculata, the first intermediate host of Opisthorchis viverrini were not found. It is revealed that most of the habitats in the Sirikit reservoir are not suitable for the survival and colonization of molluscs. Thus few species of edible molluscs in small numbers were found, except for Limnoperna siamensis, which were found in large numbers in the reservoir. Although it is not a medically important species, their attaching in large colonies may reduce the volume of water flowing into the power tunnels and obstruct small pipe lines in the dam area. So it is recommended to further study the life cycle of L. siamensis and to determine suitable molluscicides or biological agents to be used in controlling them.

Influence of temperature on survival, growth and fecundity of the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes)

To note the effect of temperature on survival, growth and fecundity, newly hatched (zero day old) snails Indoplanorbis exustus were cultured at 10 degrees, 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degreescentigrades constant temperatures and room temperature (17.5 degrees - 32.5 degrees centigrades). Individuals exposed to 10 degrees centigrades died within 3 days while those reared at 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees centigrades and room temperature survived for a period of 6, 27, 18, 16, 12 and 17 weeks respectively. An individual added on an average 0.21 mm and 0.45 mg, 0.35 mm and 7.94 mg, 0.63 mm and 15.5 mg, 0.81 mm and 27.18 mg, 1.07 mm and 41.48 mg and 0.78 mm and 31.2 mg to the shell diameter and body weight respectively at those temperatures per week. The snails cultured at 15 degrees centigrades died prior to attainment of sexual maturity. On an average, an individual produced 31.9 and 582.77, 54.86 and 902.18, 56.01 and 968.45, 49.32 and 798.68 and 62.34 and 1143.97 capsules and eggs respectively at 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees centigrades and room temperature (17.5 degrees - 32.5 degrees centigrades)

Caracterización de biomphalaria orbignyi paraense, 1974 molusco de importancia médico-epidemiológica reciente reportado en Cuba / Characterization of biomphalaria orbignyi paraense, 1974, a mollusk of medical and epidemiological importance recently reported for Cuba

Se describen las características conquiológicas, anatómicas y radulares de Biomphalaria orbignyi, además de la relación morfométrica que existe entre la altura máxima y el diamétro máximo, donde el valor del coeficiente de regresión es 0,9. En las tablas de vida de Biomphalaria orbignyi se observa que su rango de vida es bastante mayor (Lè=10,37) que en el resto de las especies del género presentes en Cuba; el valor de k = 0,17 es similar a Biomphalaria havanensis. Tiene 2 picos reproductivos a edades medias. A diferencia de las otras especies del género presenta menor mortalidad a edades tempranas y el mayor pico se observa cuando alcanza el estado adulto, lo cual afirma que es una especie fuerte. Los zimogramas obtenidos confirman que esta es una especie diferente a B. havanensis. Por no existir diferencias marcadas de manera individual, para su identificación correcta se precisa contar con toda la evidencia biológica y ecológica disponible

Estudio de la morfometría de los juveniles de 4 poblaciones de tarebia granifera en condiciones de laboratorio / Study of the morphometry of the juveniles of 4 tarebia granifera populations in laboratory conditions

Se realizó la comparación morfométrica y la dinámica de la reprodución de los nuevos nacidos de Tarebia granifera a partir de 4 poblaciones de progenitores. Se encontró que existe una alta diferencia significativa en la morfometría de los juveniles, la cual fue menor en los adultos. La población del arroyo Jibacoa presentó mayor nímero de nuevos nacidos, lo que indica que este morfo es el más adecuado al seleccionar esta especie como agente control

Novo gastrópode fóssil da bacia de São José de Itaboraí, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Endodontidae) / A new fossil gastropod from São José de Itaboraí basin, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Endodontidae)

A new species of a very small land snail (Endodontidae) occurring in São José de Itaboraí limestone basin, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is described in honour of zoologist Hugo de Souza Lopes. Austrodiscus Parodiz, 1957 is registered in the paleontological records, for the first time.

Avaliação da infestação e diversidade de Teredinidae (Mollusca - Bivalvia) ao longo da costa do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Evaluation of the infestation and diversity of Teredinidae (Mollusca - Bivalvia) along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

In order to evaluate the diversity and infestation level of Teredinidae wood-boring molluscs, ten satations were chosen along the coast of Rio de Janeiro State. Using five pine-wood panels in each station, it was possible to distinguish five areas according to species dominance. Ilha Grande Bay is characterized by the dominance of Lyrodus floridanus (Bartsch, 1922); Sepetiba Bay, by Bankia fimbriatula Moll & Roch, 1931, Tijuca Lagoon by Teredo navalis Linnaeus, 1758; Guanabara Bay by Notoredo knoxi (Bartsch, 1917) and Araruama Lagoon by Teredo furcifera Martens, 1894. Specific composition and dominance of these species were due mainly to abiotic factors such as salinity whereas infestation level was associated not only to salinity but also to other factors such as the quantity and quality of fouling, the presence of larval dispersion focus and the wood supply in each area.

Seasonal distribution of a relatively rare and a relatively common species of Thecomyia at Belém, Pará, Brazil (Diptera: Sciomyzidae)

O gênero neotropical Thecomyia (Sciomyzidae) consiste de quatro espécies descritas e onze ainda não descritas (Steyskal & Knutson em preparação), sendo a maioria não muito comum. As espécies são muito próximas e grande número delas somente pode ser separado com base na genitália do macho. Somente é conhecida a biologia e uma espécie, T. limbata (Wiedermann), que, preferentemente, preda moluscos aquáticos (Abercrombie & Berg, 1975). A análise de registros de coletas de espécies relativamente raras e relativamente comuns de Thecomyia (172 especimens do Museu Goeldi coletados em Mocambo, Belém, Pará, Brasil) proporcionam informações sobre a distribuição sazonal de espécies tropicais e sua relativa abundância. Deste material 160 especimens pertencem à T. longicornis Perty e 12 à Thecomyia sp. n. A primeira foi registrada durante todos os meses do ano, mas a espécie nova somente durante junho e dezembro, sugerindo esta última uma população de adultos anual bimodal.

Megalobulimus lopesi sp. n., uma nova espécie de Pulmonata terrestre da Mata Atlântica brasileira (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Megalobulimidae) / Megalobulimus lopesi sp. n, a new species of land Pulmonata from the Brazilian Atlantic wood (Gastropoda, Megalobulimidae)

Megalobulimus lopesi, a new species of megalobulimidae, is described with basis on conchyological and anatomical characters. It is very close to M. grandis (Martens, 1885), the largest species of land gastropds of Brazil, from Sao Sebastiao Island (23º49'S 45º20'W).

Analysis of the spontaneous activity of the identified neurone [A] of molluscan planorbius corneus

The glass microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous activity of the identified neurone [A] molluscan Planorbius comeus. The number of the recorded spontaneous spikes and there interspike time were found to be random variables. Using the stochastic distribution and the statistical analysis, it was found that : a] The random spike number recorded at a definite interval of time follows the Poisson distribution with probability 95 percent b] The random interspike time obeys the exponential distribution with a mean value of 1.537 second. According to the results obtained in a and b, the number of the generated spontaneous spikes at a certain time interval could be predicted